Plagiochilaceae
Epiphytic, lithophytic or terrestrial (not in Victoria), dioicous, rarely monoicous (not in Victoria). Asexual reproduction by caducous leaves (not in Victoria), marginal leaf cilia (not in Victoria) or branchlets produced on leaf surfaces (not in Victoria). Stems rarely monomorphic and all creeping (not in Victoria) or differentiated into creeping stems with reduced leaves that give rise to aerial ascending, erect or pendulous stems with normal leaves, these sparingly to irregularly, pinnately or flabellately (not in Victoria) branched or forking, sometimes with paraphyllia (not in Victoria) or lamellae (not in Victoria); branches on aerial stems emerging near unmodified lateral leaves or rarely from abaxial stem and with a collar of tissue at base, or sometimes emerging abaxial to narrower lateral leaves and without a collar of tissue at base. Lateral leaves ovate, elliptic or reniform or orbicular to oblong, obovate or falcate (not in Victoria), often asymmetric, alternate, rarely opposite (not in Victoria), succubous or transverse in insertion and orientation, sometimes longitudinally (not in Victoria) oriented or rarely vertically oriented and secund in direction of abaxial or adaxial (not in Victoria) stem, usually unlobed, rarely lobed, usually with numerous teeth along acroscopic margin and at apex, and entire or dentate and often revolute along basiscopic margin forming a cnemis, rarely completely entire, rarely conspicuously crispate along margins (not in Victoria), sometimes plane throughout or recurved towards base, distant to imbricate; lobes when present triangular to linear (not in Victoria). Underleaves remote, well-developed, but much narrower than stem (not in Victoria) and bifid, vestigial and bifid, triangular or filiform, or absent. Leaf cells quadrate, polygonal, ovoid, oblong, elliptic or rectangular, sometimes becoming more elongated toward central base or rarely elongate throughout (not in Victoria), smooth, rarely fainty striolate or papillose, with thin walls and distinct, often confluent trigones, often becoming more evenly thick-walled toward margins, or thin- to thick-walled throughout and without distinct trigones, with 1–40 oil bodies; oil bodies ellipsoid, ovoid or spherical, homogenous, botryoidal or granular, colourless, grey, brown or bluish-brown (not in Victoria). Rhizoids scattered on creeping stems with reduced leaves, or rarely at bases of lateral (not in Victoria) and underleaves (not in Victoria) or scattered throughout (not in Victoria) on normal leafy stems. Androecia terminal or becoming intercalary, with dentate to entire and highly differentiated saccate or sometimes leaf-like bracts in 2–60 pairs, each with 1–4, rarely up to 10 (not in Victoria) antheridia. Sporophyte terminal on leading axes or short branches, developing within a perianth; perianth ellipsoid or campanulate to obovoid, obloid or cylindric (not in Victoria), non-plicate or rarely pluriplicate, usually with an abaxial and adaxial keel, sometimes pronounced as wings, with two-lipped or unlobed ciliate, dentate, laciniate or rarely entire (not in Victoria) mouth; capsule globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, 4–9-stratose, dehiscing by 4 valves; elaters uni-, bi- or rarely up to 5- (not in Victoria) spiral; spores globose, granulate or echinate, sometimes with precocious division inside capsule.
Seven genera and around 600 species, with most species in the Neotropics, south-east Asia and Malesia, but extending throughout moist regions of the world and to subpolar regions (Söderström et al. 2016; Schuster 2021); three genera and seven species in Victoria.
Schuster, R.M. (2021). Austral Hepaticae Part III. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 120. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchbehandlung: Stuttgart.
Söderström, L., Hagborg, A., von Konrat, M., Bartholomew-Began, S., Bell, D., Briscoe, L., Brown, E., Cargill, D.C., Costa, D.P., Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Cooper, E.D., Dauphin, G., Engel, J.J., Feldberg, K., Glenny, D., Gradstein, S.R., He, X., Heinrichs, J., Hentschel, J., Ilkiu-Borges, A.L., Katagiri, T., Konstantinova, N.A., Larraín, J., Long, D.G., Nebel, M., Pócs, T., Puche, F., Reiner-Drehwald, E., Renner, M.A.M., Sass-Gyarmati, A., Schäfer-Verwimp, A., Moragues, J.S., Stotler, R.E., Sukkharak, P., Thiers, B.M., Uribe, J., Váňa, J., Villarreal, J.C., Wigginton, M., Zhang, L. & Zhu, R. (2016). World checklist of hornworts and liverworts. Phytokeys 59: 1–828.